Investigations in Environmental Science

Lesson Summaries, Concepts & Practices

Unit 3: Water Management

LESSON SUMMARIES CONCEPTS & PRACTICES
Chapter 1: Soil  
Lesson 1: Water Issues
Students are introduced to a water usage conflict in Fresno, California. Students hear different perspectives on the issue, evaluate each group's claim, and devise a plan to develop a solution.
  • Water Usage
  • Consumer Demands
  • Analyzing Claims
 
Lesson 2: Mechanical Analysis of Soil
A variety of laboratory experiments teach students about soils and soil properties.
  • Mineral/Organic Matter
  • Soil Pore Space
  • Soil Composition
  • Soil Classifications
  • Soil Properties
  • Soil Texture Triangle
 
Lesson 3: Organic Components
Performing chemical tests teaches students about the nutrients contained in soils. Students learn how farmers can add nutrients to soil deficient in organic matter and create their own compost pile.
  • Organic Components of Soil
  • Fertilizer
  • Nitrogen Cycle
  • Composting
 
Lesson 4: Spaces in Soil
Students perform labs to determine the pore space in soil and how quickly water can flow through soil with different amounts of pore space.
  • Pore Space
  • Porosity
  • Permeability/Percolation Rate
 
Lesson 5: Available Water
Experiments show students that soil texture affects how much water is available to plants. Students are also introduced to wetlands and the issue of wetland preservation/restoration.
  • Available Water
  • Field Capacity
  • Wilting Point
  • Wetlands
   
Lesson 6: Growing Fast Plants
Students hypothesize what type of soil would provide the best growing environment. Students learn about, grow and, monitor fast plants to test their hypothesis.
  • Fast Plants
  • Soil Texture
  • Porosity
  • Permeability
Chapter 2: Agriculture  
Lesson 1: Farming and Crops
This lesson introduces students to hydroponic and organic farming, and explores ways farmers can improve their crop yield.
  • Hydroponic Farming
  • Organic Farming
  • Irrigation Systems
  • Soil Texture
  • Soil Nutrients
 
Lesson 2: Evapotranspiration
Students conduct labs to measure water evaporation, how much water plants use, and how much water is lost through transpiration. Then students map the water cycle.
  • Evaporation
  • Transpiration
  • Evapotranspiration
  • Water Cycle
 
Lesson 3: Crop Types
The class discusses the water requirements of different plants and analyzes graphs of their water use in different seasons.
  • Evaportranspiration
    Water Usage
    Soil Texture
    Irrigation
 
Lesson 4: Farm Water Budgets
Spreadsheet software allows students to examine the relationship between rainfall, soil type, and the water needs of certain plants as they manage a farm water budget.
  • Water Usage
    Soil Texture
    Transpiration
    Data Interpretation
 
Lesson 5: Irrigation
Labs and computer spreadsheets help students design farm irrigation systems that efficiently reach plants in fields with minimal amounts of wasted water.
  • Irrigation Systems
  • Irrigation Methods
  • Available Water
  • Wilting Point
 
Lesson 6: Farming in Fresno
Using WorldWatcher software, students develop a Precision Farming plan to help a farmer increase his crop yield.
  • Environmental Decision-Making Process
  • Precision Farming
  • Irrigation
  • Fertilization
Chapter 3: Dams
Lesson 1: What are Dams?
Students learn about the parts and functions of dams. The class constructs a small dam on a steam table and observes the change in water movement.
  • Dams
  • Reservoirs
  • Outlet Works
 
Lesson 2: California Dams
ArcView software allows students to look at and explore the functions of California's dams. Students also learn about some of the social consequences of dams.
  • Dam Functions
  • Positive Effects
  • Social Consequences
 
Lesson 3: Topographic Maps
After learning how to read and construct contour lines on topographic maps, students identify areas suitable for holding a water reservoir and estimate its potential size and volume.
After learning how to read and construct contour lines on topographic maps, students identify areas suitable for holding a water reservoir and estimate its potential size and volume.
  • Topographic Maps
  • Contour Lines
  • Water Reservoirs
 
Lesson 4: Steam Flow
Students learn how to use and draw hydrographs, and calculate discharge rates. They also read about the effect of dams on the environment.
  • Analyzing and Creating Hydrographs
  • Calculate Discharge Rate
  • Sedimentation
  • Environmental Impacts
 
Lesson 5: Inflows and Outflows
A computer model allows students to see what it is like to manage a dam. Students decide how much water to release, how much to give to farmers, and how best to manage their water resource.
  • Reservoir Volume
  • Environmental Impacts
  • Streamflow
  • Irrigation
 
Lesson 6: Fresno Water Board
Drawing on their knowledge of streamflows, dams, and water management, students use GIS software to analyze data and select the dam location that best meets the area's needs.
  • Streamflow
  • Dams
  • Water Management
  • Topography
Chapter 4: Salmon
Lesson 1: Salmon on the Sacramento
GIS software familiarizes students with the Sacramento River.
Students create a storyboard of the life cycle of salmon and produce a graph of salmon population statistics.
  • Salmon Life Cycle
  • Population Change
 
Lesson 2: Salmon Mortality
Students explore the hazards faced by salmon and draw connections between human development and salmon depletion.
  • Natural and Human-made Challenges/Obstacles
  • Predators
  • Fish Ladders
  • Spreadsheet Analysis
 
Lesson 3: Policies and Budgets
Students develop a plan to aid the growth of salmon populations in California.
  • Environmental Decision-Making Process
  • Budget Management
Chapter 5: Aquifers
Lesson 1: Human Water Use
Students calculate how much water they use, discuss ways of conserving water, calculate how much water they could save, and compare their water consumption to that of people in other countries.
  • Water Consumption Rates
  • Water Conservation Techniques
 
Lesson 2: Aquifer Basics
Demonstrations of how water moves underground and building a model in class introduce students to aquifers.
  • Groundwater
  • Aquifers
  • Soil Pore Space
 
Lesson 3: Withdrawing Water from Aquifers
Students explore how water is removed from aquifers and the effects of withdrawing too much water.
  • Wells
  • Aquifer Over-withdrawal
  • Data Analysis
  • Drawdown
 
Lesson 4: Recharging and Balance
Diagrams help students analyze how water moves in and out of aquifers. Students also identify aquifers underlying California watersheds.
  • Watersheds
  • Recharge Basins
 
Lesson 5: Pollution and Water Movement
Students study different types of groundwater pollution, observe the process of diffusion, and look at the connections among California's aquifers.
  • Diffusion
  • Point Source Pollution
  • Non-point Source Pollution
 
Lesson 6: Point and Non-Point Source Pollution in Fresno
By testing water samples from several wells in Fresno, students are able to determine where contaminant's have spread through the aquifer and use that information to select locations for new wells.
  • Point Source Pollution
  • Non-point Source Pollution
  • Nitrate Pollution
 
Lesson 7: A Plan for Fresno
Students evaluate plans for managing Fresno's water shortage crisis. This includes analyzing inflow/outflow data.
  • Aquifer Over-withdrawal
Chapter 6: Water Management
Lesson 1: System Out of Balance
Students synthesize all their knowledge of dams, aquifers, and people's water usage to create a diagram of Fresno's water system and determine why Fresno is running out of water.
  • Dams
  • Aquifers
  • Models
 
Lesson 2: Possible Solutions
Students familiarize themselves with the three water management proposals available to the citizens of Fresno and use ArcView to gather information about the benefits and drawbacks of each.
  • Water Demands
  • Water Resources
  • Gathering and Evaluating Evidence
 
Lesson 3: Social and Political Concerns
Reading give students further insight into the sociopolitical implications of each proposal to aid them in making their final decision.
  • Sociopolitical Implications
  • Urban Sprawl/ Development
  • Water Marketing
  • Agricultural Impact
  • Wetland Restoration
 
Lesson 4: Decision and Presentations
Using the Environmental Decision-Making process, students balance the consequences and stakeholders for each proposal and decide on the best choice. Students prepare a report and present their decision to the class.
  • Environmental Decision-Making Process
  • Water Management
  • Soil
  • Dams
  • Aquifers
  • Agriculture
  • Environmental Impacts
  • Sociopolitical Impacts